© Cheryl Bolen
Between
1770 and 1830 some 20,000 satirical or humorous engravings were published in
London's print shops. The three most prominent artists (whom we think of as
caricaturists) were, chronologically, James Gillray (1756-1815), Thomas
Rowlandson (1757-1827), and George Cruikshank (1792-1878).
Titled "Fashionable Jockeyship," Cruikshank's satirical cartoon depicts the Price of Wales (future Regent) being carried on Lord Jersey's back to Lady Jersey's bed, with the prince holding up two horns as the sign of the cuckold.
Because
these dealt with politics, international affairs, and scandals and satire of
London's social elite, those who figured in the graphic satire and those who
flocked to the print shops to purchase them for a shilling or more came from
the middle and upper class.
British
historican Vic Gatrell uses his study of the 60-year era of graphic satire to
show that before the Victorian era, London was
a city of sex and laughter. The result of his interest is the stunning City of Laughter: Sex and Satire in
Eighteenth-Century London, a nearly 700-page tome featuring 289 of these
"cartoons" published (in the U.S) in 2006.
Man, how
these illustrations demonstrate sex and satire! Many of these illustrations
have never before been reprinted, partly because of the bawdy subject matter.
Since many
of the social situations which inspired these satirical illustrations are
unknown to most of us, Gatrell has kindly provided text to explain the
background. His research and knowledge of Georgian London are astonishing.
These 700
pages are crammed with interesting tidbits. Some examples:
·
Bachelor Prime Minister Pitt (the younger)
"was stiff to everyone except a woman."
·
Public hangings were moved from Tyburn to the
gate of Newgate prison in 1783.
·
Piccadilly was the first street to be lit by
gas—in 1809.
·
Sedan chairs did not go out of fashion until
1820.
·
Women wearing powdered wigs washed their heads
every three months.
·
Bagnios (public baths/brothels) were located in
the Charing Cross area near Charles I's statue.
·
Doors to Haymarket opened at five.
·
Drury Lane boxes cost 5 shillings, and upper
gallery seats could be had for a shilling.
Because the
artists slightly changed the actual names or omitted letters, the artists and
printers did not get sued.
One print,
for example, shows Lady Worsley washing her naked body in the bathhouse at
Maidstone while her husband, Sir Richard Worsley, stands outside, hoisting a man up to the
small window near the roof to get a peek. The story goes that Sir Richard
tapped on the bathhouse door to notify his wife he was going to give Bissett a
peek. Apparently, Sir Richard was an accomplice in his wife's many adulteries.
The text on the drawing reads:
Sir Richard
Worse-than-Sly, Exposing his Wife's Bottom – O Fye!
Many of the illustrators accepted
bribes. George Cruikshank (whose father, Isaac, was also a noted caricaturist)
accepted £100 from the regent to strop satirizing him. Gillray earned a £200
annual pension from George Canning in 1797 to produce propaganda against the
Foxite Whigs.
"Bums, Farts, and Other
Transgressions" is the title of one of the chapters. If you ever wondered
how to illustrate a fart, this is the book for you. Part of another chapter on
libertines deals with the erotica Rowland illustrated from 1790 until 1810.
Some of the erotica is truly graphic, even pornographic, except Gatrell
explains that because they are humorous they do not meet the criteria for
pornography. (Warning: Keep book out of reach of young children.)
Some of Rowlandson's erotica was
costly to purchase and was prized by wealthier Londoners. These prints were
also shared with women.
London in Regency times was the
richest and most economically dynamic city in the world, and its residents were
undoubtedly the most debauched.
Of the couple of hundred Regency research books in my library, this
volume will now rise to the top five in breadth of knowledge imparted.—Cheryl Bolen’s second book in the House of Haverstock series, A Duchess by Mistake, releases on April 7 and can now be preordered.
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